Somo la Pili ungana nami tujifunze Kiingeleza pamoja

Kama ilivyo ada leo nakuletea somo la pili baada na kupata somo la kwanza siku ya jumapili tuungane pamoja leo tunaendelea na Noun. Karibu tujumuike pamoja

THE NOUN (CONTINUED)

INTRODUCTION

In Lesson One, we learned to recognize and to use different kinds of nouns: proper and common nouns, collective nouns, concrete and abstract nouns, and specific and non-specific nouns.

In this lesson, we will learn about singular, plural, and possessive nouns. But first, let us learn some new words.

NOUNS TO LEARN

1. "apostrophe" (noun) -- a punctuation mark (') used to show that something belongs to a person, place, or thing.
   Sentence: "An apostrophe is also used to show that a letter has been left out of a word." Example: cannot > can't.
2. "computer" (noun) -- an electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical calculations and which stores and processes information.
   Sentence: "Many people in America now have personal computers at home."
3. "consonant" (noun) -- any letter in the English alphabet except "a," "e," "i," "o," and "u."
   Sentence: "A consonant is a sound of speech produced by using the lips, teeth, throat, or tongue to block the flow of air."
4. "killer whale" (noun) -- a very large black and white dolphin that hunts in packs and feeds on large fish and seals.
   Sentence: "Most killer whales are friendly to human beings."
5. "porpoise" (noun) -- a small, friendly marine mammal related to the whale, with a blunt snout and a torpedo-shaped body about two meters long.
   Sentence: "Porpoises are found in seas, gulfs, and oceans throughout the world."
6. "relationship" (noun) -- an emotional connection between two or more persons; an association; a kinship.
   Sentence: "Adam and Eve entered into an honorable relationship that was so strong and so satisfying that they became as one."
7. "vowel" (noun) -- "a," "e," "i," "o," or "u."
   Sentence: "A vowel is a sound that is made when air passes freely through the voice box and the mouth.

OTHER WORDS TO LEARN

1. "to communicate" (infinitive) [verb preceded by "to"] -- to exchange or pass along thoughts; to give and receive knowledge.
   Sentence: "Unlike animals, human beings are able to communicate with God and to enjoy a close relationship with him."
2. "cultivate" (verb) -- to grow; to tend.
   Sentence: "Adam cultivated the garden of Eden and gathered its fruits."
3. "intelligent" (adjective) -- having intelligence; having the capacity to think, learn, and understand.
   Sentence: "Human beings are generally more intelligent than animals."
4. "irregular" (adjective) -- not conforming to the rules or to the usual pattern.
   Sentence: "Irregular nouns are nouns that do not follow the rules when changing from singular to plural."
5. "responsible" (adjective) -- answerable; accountable; expected to give an account.
   Sentence: "God has made us responsible for ruling over the animals of the earth."

SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

Look around you. Describe what you see. Are there two or more of the same item? If so, you will have to use plural nouns to describe them. Examples: books, lamps, desks, chairs, pencils, pens, boxes, pictures, clocks, waste baskets. Sentence: "There are three chairs and one desk in my office."

A singular noun is a noun that names only one person, place, or thing.

A plural noun is a noun that names more than one person, place, or thing.

Singular Nouns	Plural Nouns
woman	women
tree	trees
truth	truths
fear	fears
party	parties

How do you make a noun plural?

Most nouns can be made plural by simply adding "s."
Examples: bird--birds; flower-- flowers; tree--trees.

However, nouns that end with "s," "sh," "ch," "x," or "z" are made plural by adding "es."
Examples: glass--glasses; wish--wishes; church--churches; fox--foxes. Sentence: "The foxes have holes to live in, and the birds have nests to live in, but the Son of Man has no place where he can rest his head" (Luke 9:58).

Also, nouns that end with an "o" preceded by a consonant are made plural by adding "es."
Examples: mosquito--mosquitoes; potato--potatoes; hero--heroes. Sentence: "Idaho is famous for its potatoes."

Nouns that end with a consonant followed by a "y" are made plural by changing the "y" to "i" and adding "es."
Examples: library--libraries; secretary--secretaries; baby--babies; city-- cities. Sentence: "Most cities have several good libraries."

However, when a noun ends with a vowel followed by a "y", it is made plural by simply adding "s."
Examples: journey--journeys; key--keys; toy--toys. Sentence: "He has nine keys in his pocket."

Most nouns that end with "f" or "fe" are made plural by changing the ending to "ves."
Example: knife--knives; leaf--leaves; wife--wives. Sentence: "She has twenty-three knives in her kitchen."

Singular Nouns	Plural Nouns
bird	birds
fox	foxes
hero	heroes
baby	babies
toy	toys
wife	wives

IRREGULAR NOUN FORMS

Some nouns are spelled the same whether they are singular or plural.

Singular Nouns	Plural Nouns
antelope	antelope
deer	deer
fish	fish
sheep	sheep

Example: "My brother caught six fish."

POSSESSIVE NOUNS

A possessive noun is a noun that indicates ownership or relationship.
Examples: the boy's bicycle; the girl's doll; the man's strength; the woman's beauty.

Most singular nouns are made possessive by simply adding an apostrophe (') and an "s."
Examples: child--child's; teacher--teacher's. Sentence:  "This is the teacher's book."

The apostrophe is a helpful little tool. It is used
(a) to show possession and relationship,
(b) to take the place of a missing letter in a word, and
(c) to form the plural of letters and numbers.
Think how much more difficult the English language would be without it. Instead of saying "God's world," we would have to say "the world that belongs to God."
Examples: "This is the carpenter's hammer." "The nation's honor must be respected." "That's right." "It's great to be alive!" "There are two a's in the word 'altar'." "There are two 7's in the number '707'."

Plural nouns that end in "s" or "es" are made possessive by adding an apostrophe (') to the end of the word.
Examples: candles--candles'; daughters--daughters'; mothers--mothers'; ships-- ships'; teachers--teachers'.
Sentence: "Are you going to the Mothers' and Daughters' dinner?"

Plural nouns that do not end with "s" are made possessive by adding an apostrophe (') and an "s" to the end of the word.
Examples: children--children's; men--men's; people--people's; women--women's.
Sentence: "This store specializes in children's clothing."

Baada ya somo hili tukutane hapa hapa siku ya Jumapili pale ntakavyo kuletea somo jingine.........................

Jifunze Kingeleza kama njia ya kukabiliana na Changamoto za kielimu.

Kuanzia leo blog hii itakuwa inawaletea somo la kiingeleza kama njia mojawapo ya kukabiliana na changamoto za kielimu. Kama mjuavyo somo la kiingeleza ni moja ya masomo ambayo vijana wengi wamekuwa wakifeli mwaka hadi mwaka hivyo kama mwanafunzi ni jukumu lako kupitia kozi  na kupata maalifa kuhusu lugha ya kingeleza.

Leo tutaanza na Noun

INTRODUCTION TO THE NOUN

In the Introductory Lesson, we learned that all English words can be divided into eight "parts of speech": nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Review the Introductory Lesson until you are able to list the eight parts of speech and explain each one. In this lesson, we begin our study of the noun. We will learn to recognize and to use different kinds of nouns: proper, common, collective, concrete, abstract, specific, and non-specific. Don't be afraid of these words. You will understand their meaning by the time you finish this lesson.

NOUNS TO LEARN

1. "cell" (noun) - the smallest structural unit in the body of a plant or animal.
   Sentence: "An animal cell is so small that we cannot see one without a microscope."
2. "evidence" (noun) - the facts on which a judgment can be made.
   Sentence: "Fossil records provide little or no evidence to support the theory of evolution."
3. "handiwork" (noun) - the work that someone has done by hand.
   Sentence: "When we look at a sunset or a rainbow, we see the handiwork of God."
4. "mystery" (noun) - something that is unknown or unexplained.
   Sentence: "There are many mysteries in nature that scientists have not been able to explain."
5. "personality" (noun) the qualities of being a person.
   Sentence: "God has all the qualities of personality."
6. "theory" (noun) - a system of conclusions based on reasoning.
   Sentence: "A theory is something a person believes but is not able to prove.
7. "universe" (noun) - all things that exist, regarded as a whole.
   Sentence: "No one knows how big the universe really is."

OTHER WORDS TO LEARN

1. "create" (verb) - to cause to exist.
   Sentence: "In the beginning, God created the earth and sky."
2. "design" (verb) to create a plan, sketch, or pattern.
   Sentence: "Could any man have designed the human body?"
3. "evolve" (verb) - to develop slowly.
   Sentence: "Some scientists believe that life on earth evolved spontaneously, without the help of God."
4. "generate" (infinitive) [a verb preceded by "to"] - to bring into existence.
   Sentence: "Falling water is often used to generate electricity."
5. "reproductive" (adjective) - serving to reproduce or to bring forth again.
   Sentence: "The acorn is part of the oak tree's reproductive system."
6. "spontaneously" (adverb) - without outside cause.
   Sentence: "Oily rags sometimes burst into flames spontaneously."

WHAT IS A NOUN?

A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing (object, animal, idea, action, quality, feeling, or event). The term "noun" means "name."

All people have names. You have a family name, a given name, and probably a middle name. What are your names? Write them down. Each of your names is a noun.

You also have other names. You are a student, a teacher, a worker, a boy, girl, man, or woman. You are a brother, sister, son, daughter, mother, or father. These words are nouns. They are names given to people.

Places, too, have names. Where do you live? On what street or road? In what village, town, or city? In what county, state, province, or nation? By what river or lake? These words are nouns also. They are names of places.

Things have names also. Look around you. Make a list of the things you see. The words that you write down are nouns. Make a list of things you ate for breakfast and lunch today. You have just made another list of nouns. Things like trees, grass, fish and birds are nouns. So are qualities like wisdom, power, and truth. So are feelings such as fear, love, happiness, and joy, and events such as the creation, a meeting, a vacation, or a party. All these words are nouns. They are names of things.

Person	Place	Thing
child	school	desk
mother	nursery	diaper
president	company	profit

Sometimes a noun is a group of words.
Examples: "maid of honor," "justice of the peace," "Mount Hood," "sea gull," "ice cream." Since these words must go together to make sense, each group of words is considered one noun. "Ice cream" is one noun.

PROPER, COMMON, AND COLLECTIVE NOUNS

A "proper noun" names a specific person, place, or thing and always begins with a capital letter.  Examples: Adam, Tigris, Beijing, China, Monday, July, English. The first word in a sentence also starts with a capital letter.

Write the names of people in your family. These names are proper nouns. Examples: John, Eve

Names of your street, city, state or province, and nation are proper nouns. Example: 15 Oak Street, Cole, Iowa 97030; U.S.A.

Make a list of mountains, rivers, lakes, seas, or oceans in your area. Each of these words is a proper noun and should begin with a capital letter. Examples: Mount Everest; Nile River; Dead Sea.

A "common noun" is a word that names any kind of person, place, or thing. Examples: man, woman, river, lake, city, country, day, month, language. A common noun never begins with a capital letter except at the beginning of a sentence or when used with a proper noun. The words "river" and "college" are common nouns, but when they are used to specify a certain river or college, they become proper nouns and are capitalized. Examples: Columbia River; Columbia Christian College. Whenever a common noun is used to set a person, place, or thing apart from others of the same class, it becomes a proper noun.

A "collective noun" refers to a group of people or things that are bound together as a unit. A collective noun is singular in form, but refers to more than one.
Examples: assembly, crew, fleet, flock, herd, jury, litter, swarm, school.

Proper	Common	Collective
Joe Montana	quarterback	team
U.S.S. Missouri	battleship	fleet
Snoopy	dog	litter
Eve	woman	family

CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT NOUNS

A "concrete noun" names a person, place, or thing that can be heard, seen, smelled, tasted, or touched.
Examples: owl, banana, cake, train, oil, pig, man.
We become aware of these persons and material objects through the physical senses.
An "abstract noun" names a quality, feeling, or idea.
Examples: love, fear, intelligence, goodness.
These are general. They do not refer to a certain case or example or to a material object. We become aware of them through our thoughts and emotions.

Concrete Nouns	Abstract Nouns
horse	strength
swan	grace
flower	beauty
joke	humor

SPECIFIC AND NONSPECIFIC NOUNS

A "specific noun" is a noun that names a certain class of persons or things.
A nonspecific noun is general in nature and does not specify a certain class of person or things.

Specific Nouns	Nonspecific Nouns
dog	animal
crow	bird
rose	flower
ant	insect

Ukimaliza kusoma Hii part one comment hapo chini ili nikutumie maswali ya kufanya then jumanne tunaendelea na somo part nyingine.