Somo la Pili ungana nami tujifunze Kiingeleza pamoja

Kama ilivyo ada leo nakuletea somo la pili baada na kupata somo la kwanza siku ya jumapili tuungane pamoja leo tunaendelea na Noun. Karibu tujumuike pamoja

THE NOUN (CONTINUED)

INTRODUCTION

In Lesson One, we learned to recognize and to use different kinds of nouns: proper and common nouns, collective nouns, concrete and abstract nouns, and specific and non-specific nouns.

In this lesson, we will learn about singular, plural, and possessive nouns. But first, let us learn some new words.

NOUNS TO LEARN

1. "apostrophe" (noun) -- a punctuation mark (') used to show that something belongs to a person, place, or thing.
   Sentence: "An apostrophe is also used to show that a letter has been left out of a word." Example: cannot > can't.
2. "computer" (noun) -- an electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical calculations and which stores and processes information.
   Sentence: "Many people in America now have personal computers at home."
3. "consonant" (noun) -- any letter in the English alphabet except "a," "e," "i," "o," and "u."
   Sentence: "A consonant is a sound of speech produced by using the lips, teeth, throat, or tongue to block the flow of air."
4. "killer whale" (noun) -- a very large black and white dolphin that hunts in packs and feeds on large fish and seals.
   Sentence: "Most killer whales are friendly to human beings."
5. "porpoise" (noun) -- a small, friendly marine mammal related to the whale, with a blunt snout and a torpedo-shaped body about two meters long.
   Sentence: "Porpoises are found in seas, gulfs, and oceans throughout the world."
6. "relationship" (noun) -- an emotional connection between two or more persons; an association; a kinship.
   Sentence: "Adam and Eve entered into an honorable relationship that was so strong and so satisfying that they became as one."
7. "vowel" (noun) -- "a," "e," "i," "o," or "u."
   Sentence: "A vowel is a sound that is made when air passes freely through the voice box and the mouth.

OTHER WORDS TO LEARN

1. "to communicate" (infinitive) [verb preceded by "to"] -- to exchange or pass along thoughts; to give and receive knowledge.
   Sentence: "Unlike animals, human beings are able to communicate with God and to enjoy a close relationship with him."
2. "cultivate" (verb) -- to grow; to tend.
   Sentence: "Adam cultivated the garden of Eden and gathered its fruits."
3. "intelligent" (adjective) -- having intelligence; having the capacity to think, learn, and understand.
   Sentence: "Human beings are generally more intelligent than animals."
4. "irregular" (adjective) -- not conforming to the rules or to the usual pattern.
   Sentence: "Irregular nouns are nouns that do not follow the rules when changing from singular to plural."
5. "responsible" (adjective) -- answerable; accountable; expected to give an account.
   Sentence: "God has made us responsible for ruling over the animals of the earth."

SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

Look around you. Describe what you see. Are there two or more of the same item? If so, you will have to use plural nouns to describe them. Examples: books, lamps, desks, chairs, pencils, pens, boxes, pictures, clocks, waste baskets. Sentence: "There are three chairs and one desk in my office."

A singular noun is a noun that names only one person, place, or thing.

A plural noun is a noun that names more than one person, place, or thing.

Singular Nouns	Plural Nouns
woman	women
tree	trees
truth	truths
fear	fears
party	parties

How do you make a noun plural?

Most nouns can be made plural by simply adding "s."
Examples: bird--birds; flower-- flowers; tree--trees.

However, nouns that end with "s," "sh," "ch," "x," or "z" are made plural by adding "es."
Examples: glass--glasses; wish--wishes; church--churches; fox--foxes. Sentence: "The foxes have holes to live in, and the birds have nests to live in, but the Son of Man has no place where he can rest his head" (Luke 9:58).

Also, nouns that end with an "o" preceded by a consonant are made plural by adding "es."
Examples: mosquito--mosquitoes; potato--potatoes; hero--heroes. Sentence: "Idaho is famous for its potatoes."

Nouns that end with a consonant followed by a "y" are made plural by changing the "y" to "i" and adding "es."
Examples: library--libraries; secretary--secretaries; baby--babies; city-- cities. Sentence: "Most cities have several good libraries."

However, when a noun ends with a vowel followed by a "y", it is made plural by simply adding "s."
Examples: journey--journeys; key--keys; toy--toys. Sentence: "He has nine keys in his pocket."

Most nouns that end with "f" or "fe" are made plural by changing the ending to "ves."
Example: knife--knives; leaf--leaves; wife--wives. Sentence: "She has twenty-three knives in her kitchen."

Singular Nouns	Plural Nouns
bird	birds
fox	foxes
hero	heroes
baby	babies
toy	toys
wife	wives

IRREGULAR NOUN FORMS

Some nouns are spelled the same whether they are singular or plural.

Singular Nouns	Plural Nouns
antelope	antelope
deer	deer
fish	fish
sheep	sheep

Example: "My brother caught six fish."

POSSESSIVE NOUNS

A possessive noun is a noun that indicates ownership or relationship.
Examples: the boy's bicycle; the girl's doll; the man's strength; the woman's beauty.

Most singular nouns are made possessive by simply adding an apostrophe (') and an "s."
Examples: child--child's; teacher--teacher's. Sentence:  "This is the teacher's book."

The apostrophe is a helpful little tool. It is used
(a) to show possession and relationship,
(b) to take the place of a missing letter in a word, and
(c) to form the plural of letters and numbers.
Think how much more difficult the English language would be without it. Instead of saying "God's world," we would have to say "the world that belongs to God."
Examples: "This is the carpenter's hammer." "The nation's honor must be respected." "That's right." "It's great to be alive!" "There are two a's in the word 'altar'." "There are two 7's in the number '707'."

Plural nouns that end in "s" or "es" are made possessive by adding an apostrophe (') to the end of the word.
Examples: candles--candles'; daughters--daughters'; mothers--mothers'; ships-- ships'; teachers--teachers'.
Sentence: "Are you going to the Mothers' and Daughters' dinner?"

Plural nouns that do not end with "s" are made possessive by adding an apostrophe (') and an "s" to the end of the word.
Examples: children--children's; men--men's; people--people's; women--women's.
Sentence: "This store specializes in children's clothing."

Baada ya somo hili tukutane hapa hapa siku ya Jumapili pale ntakavyo kuletea somo jingine.........................